The Middle East Journal of Internal Medicine

November 2020 -
Volume 13 Issue 2

Click the icon to view and download PDF of this journal issue

Original Contributon

Small Cell Cancer of the Parotid Gland
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Hassan Almubarak, Awad Alsamghan, Mohammed Abadi Al-Saleem, Eisa Yazeed Ghazwani,
Safar Abadi Al-Saleem
DOI: 10.5742/MEJIM2020.93791

Prognostic significance of plasma bilirubin in sickle cell diseases
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Mehmet Rami Helvaci, Atilla Yalcin, Zeki Arslanoglu, Mehmet Duru, Abdulrazak Abyad, Lesley Pocock
DOI: 10.5742/MEJIM2020.93792

Triglycerides may be acute phase reactants which are not negatively affected by pathologic weight loss
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Mehmet Rami Helvaci, Atilla Yalcin, Orhan Ekrem Muftuoglu, Abdulrazak Abyad, Lesley Pocock
DOI: 10.5742/MEJIM2020.93793

Review

Parkinson's Disease: An update on Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management
Part 5: Management Strategies
[Abstract]
[pdf]
Abdulrazak Abyad
DOI: 10.5742/MEJIM2020.93795

...................

Chief Editor:
Ahmad Husari MD FCCP D'ABSM
........................................

Publisher:
Lesley Pocock
medi+WORLD International
AUSTRALIA
Email: lesley@mediworld.com.au

........................................

Editorial enquiries:
editor@me-jim.com

........................................

Advertising Enquiries:
lesley@mediworld.com.au
........................................

While all efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the information in this journal, opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of The Publishers, Editor or the Editorial Board. The publishers, Editor and Editorial Board cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this journal; or the views and opinions expressed. Publication of any advertisements does not constitute any endorsement by the Publishers and Editors of the product advertised.

The contents of this journal are copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Australian Copyright Act, no part of this program may be reproduced without the permission of the publisher.

Journal Edition - December 2020, Volume 13, Issue 3

Parkinson’s Disease: An update on Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management
Part 5: Management Strategies
......................................................................................................................................................................

Abdulrazak Abyad

CEO, Abyad Medical Center, Lebanon.
Chairman, Middle-East Academy for Medicine of Aging
President, Middle East & North Africa Association on Aging & Alzheimer’s
Coordinator, Middle-East Primary Care Research Network
Coordinator, Middle-East Network on Aging

Correspondence:
Dr. Abdulrazak Abyad
Email: aabyad@cyberia.net.lb

Received September 2020. Accepted October 2020. Published December 1, 2020.Please cite this article as: Abdulrazak Abyad.. Parkinson’s Disease: An update on Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and
Management . Part 5: Management Strategies. Middle East J Intern Med 2020; 13(3): 20-24. DOI: 10.5742/MEJIM2020.93795

.....................................................................................................................................

ABSTRACT

Parkinson’s disease has a wide variety of motor and non-motor symptoms. Treatment aims to control the patient’s symptoms by replenishing the dopaminergic system with levodopa or dopamine agonists. Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors are also effective first-line drugs. Keeping symptoms under continual control early in the course of the disease may have beneficial effects as Parkinson’s disease progresses. Therapy is tailored to each patient’s response to the drugs and their ability to tolerate them. Limited responses of motor and many non- motor symptoms may require the addition of other treatments. The adverse effects of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease are usually reversible. As the disease progresses and problems accumulate, deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery may be a reasonable therapeutic option for some individuals, although many people with PD do not qualify for DBS for a variety of reasons. In addition nonpharmacological alternatives are helpful , including diet, exercise and occupational therapy. However, the majority of people with PD can lead full and active lives with good symptom control for many years.

Key words: Parkinson’s Disease,
Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Management